The Castle Review Essay Example

The Castle Review Paper Essay on The Castle Review this unusual of its kind, since it is a review of unread books. In general, the history of my relationship with this book is strongly reminiscent of the relations within the novel itself. Maybe thats why I have it, and lay out. I started to read The Castle three times. For the first time accidentally fallen into the hands of the book. The second time, I already knew who the Kafka and had some idea about the artistic value of the Castle. The third time I was convinced that the genius of Kafka and I have to read at least this work at least for the memories. Nothing came of We can not say that Castle left me cold (otherwise I would not be writing this review), I was not bored him to read and can not even say that I did not like this book -. Just when I read I had a huge psychological discomfort. And here we go directly to the book and features the artistic style of Kafka. It is said that Kafka wrote his book based on his own dreams. I do not know how true this is, but the atmosphere inside the Castle, and that the most important thing the logic of action of his characters definitely taken out of sleep. All social communication, which focuses people in the real world (social norms, communication, social roles, status, etc.), in the Castle world are shaky and blurred. Unable to determine the social structure of the Castle of society, it is impossible to divide it into bad and good, strong and weak, superior and inferior. The only absolute is the castle itself, and the only social criteria proximity to the Castle. However, this criterion has a huge degr ee of uncertainty and variability. This does not mean that in a society Castle chaos, though the impression periodically arises in fact a hierarchy there are always heroes actions obey a certain logic but to the reader (and partly for the main character), this logic remains hidden and as a result can not be any assess the implications of what is happening in the novel or create options for further developments. Everything flows and changes, as in a dream, the characters actions motives are not clear, the consequences of these acts are vague. We will write a custom essay sample on The Castle Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This relativism of the social structure of society Castle (and the psychology of its inhabitants) and is reflected in physical space. A characteristic here is a scene where the main character in a snowstorm lost among his acquaintance town streets (up to this point I have finished reading:) Personally, I simply got tired wandering among friends (seemingly) characters. who once again are not who they say I took them. They caused a growing sense of irritation in me. All these changes, obeying the logic unknown to me, infuriated me more and more with every page. I have nothing to rely on in this novel, I can not breathe in it. PS Knowing what the outcome of the attempts of the protagonist get to the castle, I know what will end my efforts to read the Castle ».

4 ways the nursing profession is changing

4 ways the nursing profession is changing Nursing is one of the most solid career options out there right now- demand is steady, and there will always be evergreen elements of the career, like direct patient care. But how nurses provide that care is changing with the times, as qualified medical professionals are in ever-higher demand. Here are some recent trends in nursing that show how the career is evolving. Nurses as primary care professionalsRight now there’s a significant shortage of primary care physicians- and with an ever-growing pool of patients, that means nurses are often stepping into that void to help make sure patients are receiving the care they need. Nurse practitioners are the professionals who have more leeway in prescribing medicine and fulfilling duties that are normally handled by physicians or physician assistants.If the prospect of stepping into this role interest you, you’re in luck- the demand for nurse practitioners is expected to grow by 19% by 2026, according to the U.S. Bureau of La bor Statistics.Nurses in outpatient facilitiesWith hospitals under pressure to get patients back out the door and more and more healthcare system demands from an aging Baby Boomer population, outpatient clinics and offices are handling more and more of the healthcare load. And this increased demand means more job opportunities for nurses as well. Jobs that take nurses out of the traditional hospital or physician’s office setting are on the rise and offer options for nurses looking to practice in different types of facilities.Nurses and new technologyIn virtually every field, technology is revolutionizing the way we do our jobs, and nursing is no exception. Electronic health records (EHR) systems have become the norm, making updated patient data accessible instantly. And non-invasive diagnostic tools have started taking hold as well, changing how nurses interact with patients. Nurses need to be tech-savvy, from the latest medical technology to mobile phone apps that can help t hem organize their schedules and coordinate patient care.Technology is also becoming a major factor in the nursing classroom, with nurses learning how to perform complex tasks or handle high-pressure situations through using simulators. These tools let nurses get a sense of what face-to-face patient care is like, even before a nurse starts seeing actual patients.Nurses and diversityFor a long time, the stereotypical nurse was female, but the field is growing and changing, with more male nurses than ever stepping into scrubs. According to a study done by the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1970, only 2.7 percent of registered nurses were men. In 2011, this number increased to 9.6 percent. In addition, areas of nursing with huge gender disparities, like neonatal nursing, are increasingly seeing more men entering the field. Diversity in general is growing for nurses, making it a career choice for people from all different backgrounds.If you’re thinking about entering the nursing field, y ou’re doing it at a very exciting time- with a lot of change on the horizon. The more willing you are to embrace these new trends, the better suited you’ll be for your career in healthcare.

Lomi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lomi - Essay Example Managers are therefore, challenged to act as advocates for their organization and products to enable them achieve their desired market share. Possession of the knowledge and skills of successful negation in such business environment is vey paramount. Steps towards a successful negotiation involve evaluating whether the situation at hand really requires negotiation. Then coming up with a plan on how to execute the negotiation progress, consequently, approaching the opposite party and creating a rapport is highly advisable. This rapport helps in creating a cooperative environment for the negotiation and preparing a critical thinking in this regard. Effective negotiation strategy is one that is systematic and involves deliberate thought. In that case, their strategies will be proactive and will be anticipative of the opponent reaction. Negotiation skills are better acquired through learning and practice. These persons will know how to present their case tactfully in a manner that is likely to be peaceful and result oriented. Concepts in the article that have similarities include the art of preparation before negotiation. Both the article and study material detail on the importance of diagnosing the essential aspects in the situation; such may include the context and history of the negotiations. Familiarity with the problem background and the reputation of the other opposing party is highly recommended. The second concept regards ethical approach used in negotiations. Here, both the article and the study material emphasize on negotiators to embrace ethical behavior. Such is the case that good negotiation will require concerned parties to avoid any aggressive approach to issues. On the contrary, such persons should put every effort to convey an attitude that encourages cooperation. This will in turn create an atmosphere where friendliness, openness, and thinking reasonably thrive. Lastly, both the article and the study materials cite

Research Process and Terminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Process and Terminology - Essay Example There are many research methods that once can choose in the field of criminal justice research. Most of them include the perceiving, gathering, analyzing and then carefully researching by bringing into use the scientific method, and in all these steps, the knowledge of terminology regarding the field plays an important role in fulfilling the requirements of all these steps (Hagan, 2010). Many experts argue that many of the terms which are used in the everyday life have been originated from social sciences research; and little credit has been given to the undertakings that have been achieved through theoretical knowledge because quickly after the discoveries, they were dissolved into the conventional astuteness (Brennett, Briggs &Triola, 2003). The experts seem to support their assertions by stating the fact that various numbers of practitioners from the field of criminal justice had to face failure every time because they relied more upon their common sense rather than concentrating upon the terminology that has been specially specified for this field (Ellis, Hartley &Walsh, 2010). Over the years, the criminal justice professionals have been facing a lot of challenges in their efforts to restore the tear created in the social fabric. It is a well known fact that one can’t even begin to flourish in any field in this world without a foundation from which to build, and knowledge if terminology is the foundation of criminal justice research (Ellis, Hartley &Walsh, 2010). Having to go forward in a field without building a solid foundation increases the problems and would continuously perplex the situation further. Having the sound knowledge of the proper terminology and knowledge to the professionals of the field can prove to be very beneficial in incorporation of scientific knowledge and research methods in collecting and analyzing the data and ultimately the results that are extracted from these researches can greatly influence the professionalism and caree r building ethics (Hagan, 2010). It is a well known fact that research is the fundamental part of any field of science such as biology, physics and chemistry. Moreover, the same research analysis is also needed in the fields of social sciences, criminal management research and education as well. Experiments are conducted for every research, and in every experiment two types of variables are there, namely; independent variables and independent variables (Brennett, Briggs &Triola, 2003). An independent variable is the variable that the person who is conducting the research directly and systematically manipulates, or is that variable that is selected by the researcher to determine the relation of any type of observation. In other words, this is a variable that can be under the control of the researcher, like a treatment, or may be not in control such as an exposure. On the other hand, the dependent variables in an experiment are factors which are observed and measured and determined as a result of manipulation that has been done in the independent variables. In short, the dependent variable is the outcome of the experiment that has been obtained by causing a change in the independent variables (Ellis, Hartley &Walsh, 2010). An important point worth mentioning here is that instead of studying specific elementary concepts such as studying the terminology of the field

Arguments for and against capitalization of all leases Essay

Arguments for and against capitalization of all leases - Essay Example International Accounting Standards no. 17 states that a lease may qualify either as a capital lease or operating lease (http://www.ifrsclass.com/gaap/ias/ias-17.htm). Under capital lease, all the risks and rewards are transferred to the lessee. To resolve the differences between the two international accounting standards, both accounting boards agreed to meet to come up with a common stand on capital lease accounting scheduled in 2011. (Kirk 2005; 85). The proposal to capitalize all leases should not be implemented. The proposal to implement the capitalization of all leases should not be implemented. Capitalization entails ownership. Capitalization means that the company has to depreciation the assets. Thus, it would be illogical to implement the proposal to capitalize all leases. The new proposal states that operating leases should be capitalized. Under the current accounting environment, there are minimum guidelines to be followed before a lease is capitalized. A lease that does not qualify as capital lease is recorded as an operating lease. This is illogical because the lessee is just renting (borrowing) the premises and is not buying. Under the capital lease, the lessee can include the capital lease asset as part of one’s total assets. This will create a better financial picture of the company when compared to not having the leased property capitalized. Second, the company can use the capitalized assets as collateral for the processing of the company’s new long term loans. The banks will scrutinize the financial statements to determine if there are enough assets to cover for possible nonpayment of loans or other payables (Elliot & Elliot). This would be illogical because the company does not own the building or facilities rented. Further, the lessee becomes the owner of the property after fulfilling the requirements set forth under International

Post Bureaucracy And Network Society

Post Bureaucracy And Network Society Organisations around the world have changed their structures, the internal managerial strategies in order to survive within a competitive market and hence evolved to best suit the external environment they operate in. Every organisation in todays time has to be profitable in order to be in business and therefore it must organise its structure, (Grahame .F. Thompson 2003 Oxford University Press). In the 21st century a revolution of globalisation, Information technology and cultural change has made corporate organisations to re-think and re-structure themselves to better suit the needs of workers, employers, consumers and the future of the company as a whole. There has been a social change in the division of labour and concepts of Post Fordism and flexible specialisation has come up in the last quarter of a century, (Tony J. Watson 2003 Routledge). In this essay we will see the shift from factory type bureaucracy towards a network society and the emergence of post bureaucratic organisa tions in todays economy which is based on knowledge and innovation. But this leaves us with an argument that is a post bureaucratic organisational form predominant in the network society/knowledge based economy? In the latter part of this essay we see some evidence of bureaucracy and its elements still present in Network Organisations. To understand this and come to a reasonable conclusion we must know what are bureaucratic organisation, post bureaucratic organisations and network organisations. As we know that bureaucracy is a highly structured system of administration it was seen in the late 1920s as being highly successful in the era of capitalist and mass production and administrative complexity. Thus, due to its nature of being machine like it ignored moral, ethical and emotional values and was efficient. The control and co-ordination of work task through a hierarchy of appropriately qualified office holders, whose authority derives from their expertise and who rationally, devise a system of rules and procedures are calculated to provide the most appropriate means of achieving specified ends. (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge, sociology, work and industry fourth edition, pg-86). Bureaucracy had a hierarchy and decision making which flowed from top level managers to low level skilled and unskilled workers. In Weber ideal model Weber argued that without a proper filing system the bureaucratic organisation would fail and many organisations followed that and had highly secre tive filing systems. Managers and workers were allocated task according to technical expertise. There was a framework of rules to be followed for the production and functions to be carried out. Decisions made were not affected by emotions or personal preferences but defined by system of rules and under the official jurisdictional area. But the ideal form is for us to understand that it is unachievable but through which reality can be compared. (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). Bureaucracy is a concept of sociology and political science and can be seen in many government agencies, large manufacturing firms, hospitals, and many academic institutions, (Reference). As the government of states grew larger during the modern period, modern bureaucracies arose and especially following the Industrial Revolution, (Osborne David and Gaebler Ted, 1993, Plume). The major changes which gave rise to the factory system was that the workforce of labour shifted from hand production such as working i n the fields to a power driven machinery system. This revolution made division of labour more complicated, hierarchy gave managers more control, superior supervision and coercive authority, enabled capitalist to take greater reward, moral machinery was introduced to break the resistance from employees, and reduction of skill on which workers relied caused a reduced labour cost, (Paul Thompson and David McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). (Give Examples of British companies as well as worldwide) Bureaucracy was at its height with the rise of the factory system. It was transforming organisations into technically superior system of administration and production. Coordination between man and the machine and with the introduction of the assembly line everything changed. Organised and detailed planning were the key features of Technical superiority. Rationality helped large firms achieve more out of the workers by allowing them to do simplified work in a formalised manner to achieve efficiency and limit the decision making power to the top down hierarchy. Limiting workers decision making and increasing efficiency by ground rules clearly defined without personal prejudice and emotional values. Control was achieved by reducing and restricting vital information and knowledge lead to more direct control from the management. Organisations used bureaucratic structures not only to retain the most earning but many of its features benefited the workers, there was job security, grievances procedures and demarcation, etc. This wave caused the workers something to look forward to and see the organisation in a positive manner, (Paul Thompson and David McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). Taylorism and Fordism Taylors principles were based on bureaucracy and the phenomena were called scientific management. This was a typical example where an organisation was successful at the time when bureaucracy was at its heights. This was not an ideal type Webers model but it saw social aspects of the organisation where employees were also benefited but the big chunk of profit was taken by organisation. Employees were given specialised routine tasks and which being mechanised with proper coordination of human work effort led to Scientific management. It had a success with organised labour; in which manager had a concept of soldiering on the employee because Taylor thought that it is a tendency for men to take it easy without proper supervision. He had one best way of organising work. In counties like France and Britain experiments on Taylors scientific management started taking place, his ideas of time study and piece rate working gave rise to Taylorism, (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). One of the models of Taylorism states that an official can work his way up the career hierarchy within a few years from being a simple worker to a middle level manager and even in some cases as high as the top management. This was the minimum interaction model describe by littler (1982), (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). In many parts of Britain and Europe Bedeaux system came through and Sweden and Germany followed districting paths but were influenced by Taylorism, (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, Palgrave Macmillan). Henry ford was Fordism became popular after the assembly line was introduced in factory working which increased efficiency many folds. This was the era of mass production were the employees were consumers and part of the market. What made the car factories a success were his detailed supervision, planning management strategies and close supervision. Ford gave his employees something to look forward to in terms of material benefits such as incentives, high wages, and could have a ford car of their own in a number of years. This made them loyal and a sense of trust emerged, (Tony J. Watson, 2003, Routledge). Post Bureaucracy and Network Society Post Bureaucratic organisations emerged when organisations found it difficult to cope up with strict rules and defined boundaries of the bureaucratic structure. With the introduction of advance technology being used in the modern age the organisational structure has changed in many large-scale industries. The age of mass production seemed to be over and highly specialised customer need analysis had to be done. During the time of Henry ford cars were produced in bulk which was standard in its appearance, style and technology. Nowadays we have entered the 21st century where cars are customised according to the needs of a specific customer. We have shifted from a factory type mass production to a customer oriented knowledge based economy where many authors believe bureaucracy is of the past. The ideal type of post bureaucratic structure has more of a dialog based and discussion rather than commands given where individual expertise is given credit. Here we see flat hierarchy which was ne eded in network society to work efficiently on project based process and group tasks, (Heckscher .C, Donnellon .A, 1994, Sage Publications). The changes that are prominent in the network form of organisation are that there are workers and groups with flat hierarchy who take decisions based on their knowledge and expertise. There are team based group doing projects and working together either from the office or from other sites. Networks have proved a useful alternative conception in analysing how a range social activity is organised and governed at a number of levels, (Graham .F. Thompson, 2003, Oxford university press). In modern organisations the concept of flat organisational structure has been introduced and work has been divided into many groups and teams of professional workers, where a set of employees take decisions at various levels of the work process. This also contributes to the innovation where employees have the freedom to make decisions and exercise their expertise. M ost of the employees are treated with formal equality and joint membership in the network organisation, (Graham .F. Thompson, 2003, Oxford university press). Basically what the author is trying to say is that network organisations gave more freedom to work and a sense of equality amongst the workers and employees. This can be seen in highly value added services, like education, medicine, law firms etc. The Network organisations are based on a high trust culture; it has low level of formal division of labour. Networks developed as business shifted from bureaucratic system to a more flexible system because organisations had to survive in the age of technology, innovation and globalisation. The rise of post bureaucratic structure was thought to be due to three major factors such as globalisation, information technology and cultural change. Globalisation caused high degree of competition as the markets to expand and overstretch national boundaries. Many organisations opened branches in other countries and corporate culture was born. This was the era of professionals where knowledge and networking were given importance. Because bureaucratic structures could not cope up with change and adaptability Post bureaucratic organisations had more flexible control process and were more proactive towards its environment. Making connections and providing service was part of almost every organisation regardless of its size and nature. Another major change that gave rise to Post bureaucracy was the change of technology and innovation. Information technology is required for an organisation to stay in business without communication and innovation a business cannot survive in long term. Some people suggest that culture also influenced Post bureaucratic rise in the network organisation. Consumers are given importance in the network society is based on consumerism, relativism and individualism, unlike in the bureaucratic structure, (Manuel Castells, 2000, Blackwell Publishers). Evidence of Post Bureaucratic Forms in Network Organizations (Castells, Journals) Many authors such as Castells suggest that post bureaucratic systems are the only way of the future of the knowledge based economy. This is a very hardcore and too optimistic approach yet we see that a pure bureaucratic organisational structure has failed to adapt into a network society. We know that due to change in administration in knowledge based economy bureaucracy has been replaced by a more flexible and adaptable organisational structure. Social, technological and economic change, multi-tasking work and the need for analysing data at different levels has shifted network society to engage the workers with high trust, empowerment, de-centralised decision making in knowledge economy, (Give Examples).Many organisations stared de-bureaucratizing because Webers concept of control was seen as an exercise of control on the basis of knowledge but in network organisations there had to a freedom to exercise indirect control where employees would practise self discipline and very less s upervision was needed. They had to exchange information and knowledge to be innovative which meant being proactive towards the environment for a long-term survival for the organisation. The concept of disagree to agree is used as friendly constructive discussion for decision making. We know that through empowerment high performance work systems are possible which has shifted from a factory type system where one could not act out of the official jurisdiction of their job description. In many value added organisations empowerment given to employees can lead to success of the firm/company (give example). (Paul Du Gay, 2005, Oxford University Press). Total quality management and customer satisfaction are relatively new methods of the Post-Bureaucratic structure which are used by organisations in the network society and knowledge based service industry. The famous legend in automobile industry Henry Ford ideas of mass production have shifted to some extent to a customised vehicle for a s pecific customer. An article by John Ovretiveit showed that TQM was applied to many hospitals and clinics across Europe became widespread since the 1990s. This method helps organisations deliver better quality control and customer satisfaction essential in knowledge based economy, (John Ovretiveit, 13/2 [200] 74-79, International Journal of health care quality assurance). TQM has been seen as a useful tool but many experts believe that it is difficult to evaluate and is difficult to implement. Whereas we see that in bureaucracy implementation and supervision were regarded highly and Taylors scientific management made it easy for firms to implement policies and evaluate them according to tasks specified to workers according to their official jurisdiction. As Richard Sennett says that there are three deficits of structural change are loyalty, informal trust and adaptive information faced by firms trying to de-bureaucratise, (Richard Sennett, 2004, Yale University Press). Evidence of Bureaucratic elements still present in Network Organizations (Reed M, Journals) Many Organisations have started to re-bureaucratize because there is a problem with the high trust, empowerment, shared responsibility and personal treatment. The concept of re-bureaucratizing has been discussed by many authors that instead of organisations shifting from bureaucracy they simply clean up the bureaucracy in their organisation (Heckscher .C, Donnellon .A, 1994, Sage Publications). Webers Ideal model of bureaucracy can be re-theorized to include any non-contradictory attributes. His ideal type thus cannot yield a clear distinction between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations, unless bureaucracy is flattened into hierarchy, and post-bureaucratic into non-hierarchical. But hierarchy cannot be eliminated from complex organizations, and bureaucracy can be re-theorized to include any non-contradictory attributes. (Harro M. Hoopfl, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, 2006, 8-21, Emerald Group Publishing Limited). Charles Heckscher, the author of The Post-Bureaucratic Organisation talks about the theory of contingency, which is clearly not bureaucratic in nature. The best form of organisational structure should be that which suits the environmental complexities and uncertainty when organisations shift to knowledge based economy. If organisations work under the highly bureaucratised system they would not be able to work effectively, but it is argued that bureaucratic forms have a greater capacity mobilising human energy and cooperation. The author of Lost in translation Simon Norton suggests that Anglo-American approaches of new public management may not be suitable and elements of bureaucracy are still present in public sectors in Japan. The finding of the research is that such systems are popular and work for countries like USA and UK. The findings also suggest that Japanese organisations give priority to the long term survival of firms and its group rather than thinking for individual perfor mance and benefit, for example through reward mechanisms for innovation and demonstration of personal initiative, are at odds with the Japanese tradition of amae and Confucianism; instead, reformers should evolve reform policy around the concept of groupism (Koh, 1989). (Simon Norton, 2007, Emerald Group Publishing Limited). This research shows us that Although Japan being technologically advance it still values its culture and traditions indicates elements of bureaucracy which means that even after entering a knowledge based environment flat hierarchy may not be so suitable as perceived by many authors. In some organisations in network society direct control is being observed in which employees are monitored and supervised. Another finding by Rachel Parker and Lisa Bradley suggests that bureaucratic values within public sector organisations are prominent although there is an evidence of changing economic trend and new public management is emerging. The control and hierarchy in publ ic sectors show a reverse of what post bureaucratic values impose in an organisation. The employees viewed the monitoring and quality management systems as bureaucratic. Public sector organisations have been motivated less by financial considerations than by political considerations, including the public interest, (Perry Rainey 1988). (Rachel Parker and Lisa Bradley, The Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, Vol 26, No 2 (December, 2004) 197-215). The transition towards a post-bureaucratic society is evident but the process is slow and cannot leave behind elements of bureaucracy as we have not entered a fully knowledge based economy. This is not a claim by me but, in my opinion it is like two sides of the same coin where elements of both bureaucracy and post bureaucracy are present in the modern knowledge based economy and a hybrid form emerges.

Nicholas Ferrar :: essays research papers fc

Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following March 25th. Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to the family home in London. Ferrars’ niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy. On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway. Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet’s wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16). The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars’ mother) moved into the manor house.

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence

Psychology defines memory as an organism’s ability to encode, store, retain, and retrieve information that it has acquired through an interaction with its environment. This includes both the internal and the external environment. Human memory is categorized into three different types: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the memory utilized in the time interval of 200-500 milliseconds after something has been sensed by the individual. Some of the information that is processed in sensory memory may be transferred to short-term memory where it can be stored for a longer duration of time, from a few seconds up to a minute. However, the capacity of short-term memory is limited. Long-term memory, on the other hand, has a greater capacity for storage than sensory or short-term memory. The length of time for which information can be stored in long-term memory is also prolonged and limited only by the individual himself or herself. Different models of memory show different ways by which information reaches these three types of memory. However, there is a generally agreed upon process by which memory, in general, is formed and created. The general process by which memory is created in an individual’s mind involves three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Initially, an individual must first come into contact with something via the different sensory receptors. The sensation acquired fro the environment is then encoded by the memory system. This simply involves the transformation of the information from one form to another that is more compatible with the memory system. Information about space, time, and frequency can be processed during this stage either automatically or through effortful processing. After a specific type of information is encoded, it undergoes the next step of the process: storage. Storage involves the holding on to the encoded information. A more permanent record is created and kept in one of the three classifications of memory, depending on whichever is more applicable to the type of information that is being processed. After memory is stored, it is now made available to the third step called retrieval. Retrieval is simply the act of taking the memory out of its storage in order to use it for a specific function as deemed necessary by the individual. Retrieval may involve the reversal of the encoding process. This means that the stored information may be transformed back into a sensory form. The encoding of memory can be enhanced through a variety of techniques. One such technique involves the assignment of meaning to the perceived object. Likewise, encoding may be impeded if the object sensed is ambiguous or unclear in nature. Encoding is also more effective when more senses are used. The greater amount of sensory information a memory has linked to it, the more meaningful its encoding. The storage of memory also encounters impediments. One of the greatest impediments is decay,which involves the loss or fading of memories through time. Interference is another impediment to the storage of memory, both in short-term and long-term. This simply pertains to the fact that the presence of some information prevents other information to be stored. In proactive interference, storage of previously acquired information disrupts the storage of newly acquired information. Retroactive interference, on the other hand, involves the disruption of storage of old memories due to the storage of new memories. Time must be given for the consolidation of memory into long-term memory before allowing other information to be stored. Interference and decay effects can also be lessened through constant practice of memory enhancing strategies such as repetition of the information. This is also called maintenance rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal can also enhance storage in that it links the given memory to other stored memories. Retrieval is also made easier with a greater amount of links with the memory to be retrieved to other memories. This allows for more memory cues to be used in order to reach that piece of information. Thus retrieval can be enhanced with the use of priming, mnemonic strategies, and retrieval practice. Retrieval is easier when in the form of recognition as opposed to recall. This is because recognition makes use of the information itself as the retrieval cue. Decay in long-term memory is simply the decay of the link of the stored information and the retrieval cue. This decay is one of the causes for forgetting. Information that never reaches the long-term memory is also forgotten easily as a result of the limited duration and capacity of both sensory and short-term memory. Faulty encoding and storage in long-term memory may also lead to forgetting. Also, faulty retrieval cues might lead to an inability to access data that is there but not actually linked to the â€Å"search words† used to reach it. Other reasons for an inability to remember a piece of information may be distraction, wherein the individual’s attention is misdirected, and repression, wherein the motivation to retrieve the information is lacking or the system itself has closed off the memory due, for example, to trauma and the like. The act of forgetting may also by physiological and psychological in nature. This is seen in cases of dementia and amnesia. There may be defects in the memory system or in the individual’s physiological make-up and these defects are the underlying cause for the inability to recall. Memory and its counterpart, forgetting, are complex topics that involve numerous concepts and models. It is only through a clear understanding of both that one can truly achieve a more efficient memory system that is less prone to the risk of forgetting. Reference Myers, David G. (2004). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers

Macbeth Essays - Creative Works, Characters In Macbeth, Films

Macbeth Essays - Creative Works, Characters In Macbeth, Films In Shakespeare's tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme, and therefore many of Shakespeare's characters are well developed and complex. Two of these characters are the protagonist, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth. They play interesting roles in the tragedy, and over the course of the play, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched . At the beginning of the play, they treat each other as equals. They have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth the news about the witches and she immediately begins plotting how to gain for her husband his desire to be king. At this point, Lady Macbeth is the resolute, strong woman, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. He does have ambition, but at this point, his conscience is stronger than that ambition. Lady Macbeth explains this char acteristic of her husband in Act I, Scene v, when she says, "Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o' th ' milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way." The next stage of change developing in the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is in Act II. This is the act in which Macbeth kills King Duncan. Macbeth's character change is apparent because it is obvious that he has given in to his ambition and has murdered the king. He is not entirely changed, though, because he is almost delirious after he has committed the crime. He exclaims, "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red." He believes that instead of the ocean cleaning his hands, his hands would turn the ocean red. Macbeth's role has changed somewhat but not entirely, since he has committed the crime but his conscience is still apparent afte r the murder. Lady Macbeth's role similarly changes somewhat in Act II. The reader sees a crack in her strong character when she tells Macbeth in Scene ii of Act II that she would have murdered Duncan herself if he had not resembled her father as he slept. Her boldness is still evident, though, when she calms Macbeth after the murder and believes "a little water clears us of this deed." Unlike the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, their relationship remains unchanged from Act I to II. Their relationship is still very close as seen through Duncan's murder - a product of teamwork. At the end of Act III, both the roles and the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have reached the final stage of their change. Now that Duncan is dead and Macbeth is hopelessly headed toward a life of immorality, Lady Macbeth fades into the background. Macbeth takes it upon himself in Act III to plot Banquo's murder without consulting his wife because he wants to protect her from the corruption that he has involved himself with. His role is now completely changed and there is no turning back for him. As Macbeth goes off on his own course during this time, Lady Macbeth's guilt is overwhelming and, cut off from him, she descends into madness. Her guilt emerges in Act III, Scene ii when she says she would rather be dead, and it grows from then on until her death. Lady Macbeth's character change is also evident in Act III, Scene ii when she backs out of Macbeth's mysterious murder plan and tell s him, "You must leave this." The relationship between the couple is being torn apart by this time in Macbeth. They are headed in separate directions - Macbeth towards a life of evil and Lady Macbeth towards insanity and grief. As Shakespeare developed the characters of Macbeth and his wife, their changing roles ironically ended up resembling the other one's role. At the beginning of the tragedy, Macbeth was the hesitant character with a strong conscience, while Lady Macbeth was powerful and firm. However, by the time these two characters were completely changed, Macbeth ended up being decisive and greedy, as Lady Macbeth turned out to be weak since her guilty conscience drove her

Study from Home 9 Internet Courses to Study Psychology Online

Study from Home 9 Internet Courses to Study Psychology Online Study from Home: 9 Internet Courses to Study Psychology Online Sometimes, you don’t know what you want to do until you’re already out there in the working world. Suddenly you realize that you don’t understand people. And you have to deal with them every day. That’s when you decide you want to study psychology online. That way, you can continue to work while learning how to manage stress-free interactions with the people around you on a daily basis. And you can even open the doors to some new career opportunities during the process. We think it’s a great idea too. That’s why we’ve compiled this list of the top nine places to study psychology online. Penn State University. You have the option of a Bachelor of Life Science in Psychology or a Bachelor of Science with a Business Option. The second track prepares you for careers such as business, human resources, or health care while the first is a more traditional preparation to become a certified counselor or therapist. Arizona State University. The online Psychology program at ASU is a part of their New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, so your coursework will be connected to other disciplines like anthropology and political science. Washington State University. The WSU Global Campus offers its Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology through traditional undergraduate coursework which can be completed entirely online. Courses are taught by highly skilled and dedicated professors. Northeastern University. This school has a solid academic reputation and an impressive 96% student retention rate. Classes are rigorous and cover general Psychology in addition to areas of special interests. The University of Massachusetts. This program earns top marks for flexibility, allowing you to structure your coursework around a schedule that meets your needs. You can even take an accelerated track to complete your degree sooner. Bellevue University. With one of the most affordable online degree programs in the nation, Bellevue is a great option if you’re on a tight budget. It offers a good choice of a B.A. or B.S. degree in Psychology, both of which can be earned entirely online. Central Washington University. The school offers a 45-credit BA Psychology major to students who live outside the local area. The major can be combined with a minor or an additional major in some other areas to earn a degree. It is best suited for those who want to use their Psychology studies to complement their career in a related field, such as business or social work. The University of Florida. One of the pioneers of online education, UFL has every support in place to help distant students succeed. One of the features that sets it apart is the provision of a one-on-one advisor to help each student balance his/her responsibilities. Since time management can quickly become a huge obstacle when you begin your online studies, this asset should not be overlooked. In addition to core classes and general Psychology requirements, students also take lab science classes to build their research skills. Southern New Hampshire University. Affordability and real-world job skills are the strengths of online programs at SNHU. The schedule is highly flexible and coursework can be accessed 24/7. Professors are experts in the field. With the help of one of these five-star, flexible online universities, you’ll be more than just an armchair psychologist in no time.

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery Essay

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery - Essay Example This includes external factors like, an increase in the prices of oil, which has the capability of increasing its fixed costs. On an overall perspective, the company plans at producing and selling 30,000 bottles of Pure Gold, and if all factors remain constant, this is a very profitable initiative. For purposes of determining the viability and profitability of this project, there will be a need of using the concepts of the Break Even analysis. This will help the company to identify the point where the sale and production of Pure Gold will not result to a loss, or even a profit (Epstein, 2011). This point of intersection is called the Break Even point. Before the identification of this point, the following are the assumptions that the company should undertake, By carefully looking at this graph, where total revenue and total cost intercept each other, is the Break Even point. This means that, it is at this point of production, where the company will not make any losses nor any profits (Epstein, 2011). From the calculations and the graphical representation, it is possible to denote that the break-even point is 3980, which is a very low figure. This means that the production and sale of Pure Gold at the conditions identified is a very profitable venture. Furthermore, as previously discussed, the margin of safety of project is very high, which stands at 86.73%. This means that if the sales of the company fall to 86%, the company will still make some profits. One of the major areas where the company is vulnerable to is on the currency fluctuations and value (Epstein, 2011). Currently, the value of the currency stands at 1 pound is equal to 1.28 Euro. However, if the strength of the Euro increases, against the pound, this means that the profitability of the company would decrease. An increase in the strength of the Euro would mean that it trades at a lower price of 1.28 against the pound. Take for example; the current

Violence against Children and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violence against Children and the Law - Essay Example Various inter-agencies, state as well as the federal governments have been adopting measures in attempt to curb this menace though they are faced by numerous challenges that make protecting children a difficult and almost an impossible task. There are numerous factors that significantly make the process of protecting children a difficult task. Some of them include the element of poor management of state and federal funds, lack of cooperation from the public, the high turnover rate for children protective services staffing and poor staff training, difficulty in proving that a minor is been abused as well as lack of adequate state children custodies just to mention a few (Mallon and Hess 68). Many people find it difficult to report a case of child abuse to the authorities thus completely frustrating the process of identifying and apprehending perpetrators. In most cases, people avoid interfering with issues concerning other families or individuals including matters relating to violation of children’s rights. Authorities find it difficult to identify children whose rights are been violated since only a small percentage of the population is willing to volunteer the necessary information (Epstein and Schwartz-Kenney 56). For the case of Joshua, it was fortunate enough that his step mother was bold enough to report that he was been abused by his father though in the late stages; after their divorce. The same thing applies to many other people who avoid interfering with other family issues considering them private, or wondering how they will explain it to the authority since they are not related with the children whose rights are been violated in any way. Proving a violation of a child’s rights is at times a difficult task especially if the offender is a close family member like the case of Joshua who was receiving corporal punishment from his own father. Proving a case of child abuse is also a difficult task more so if the victim cannot communicate